In 1879, King Ludwig II founded the museum at the suggestion of General Friedrich von Bothmer and the Minister of War Joseph Maximilian von Maillinger. It was initially housed in the Zeughaus in Munich (now Lothstraße), and from 1904 in the newly erected monumental building at the Hofgarten (now the Bavarian State Chancellery). The original permanent exhibition (since 1905) showed weapons and trophies from the history of the Bavarian army and exhibits from Franconian and Swabian arsenals. In 1936, an exhibition on the First World War was shown for the first time, the objects of which had been collected since 1918. During and after the Second World War, the collection was severely decimated as the museum lost around a third of its holdings through theft and destruction.
The Allied military administration had the museum closed in 1945 and handed over its holdings to the Bavarian National Museum. The museum was only re-established in 1963 by ministerial decree and the New Palace in Ingolstadt was chosen as its location. The move took place in 1969 and the exhibition in the New Palace opened in 1972.
In the 1990s, the Reduit Tilly, a fortress building on the southern side of the Danube, was added to the museum. The permanent exhibition "The First World War" opened here in 1994.
The Bavarian Police Museum opened in the Triva Tower at the end of 2011. It presents the history of the Bavarian police from 1918/19 to the present day.
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